diff --git a/acme.js b/acme.js
index 49999cf..13382f2 100644
--- a/acme.js
+++ b/acme.js
@@ -179,17 +179,17 @@ ACME._testChallengeOptions = function() {
 
 ACME._thumber = function(me, options, thumb) {
 	var thumbPromise;
-	return function() {
+	return function(key) {
 		if (thumb) {
 			return Promise.resolve(thumb);
 		}
 		if (thumbPromise) {
 			return thumbPromise;
 		}
-		thumbPromise = U._importKeypair(
-			me,
-			options.accountKey || options.accountKeypair
-		).then(function(pair) {
+		if (!key) {
+			key = options.accountKey || options.accountKeypair;
+		}
+		thumbPromise = U._importKeypair(null, key).then(function(pair) {
 			return Keypairs.thumbprint({
 				jwk: pair.public
 			});
@@ -266,7 +266,14 @@ ACME._dryRun = function(me, realOptions) {
 					type: ch.type
 					//challenge: ch
 				});
-				noopts.challenges[ch.type].remove({ challenge: ch });
+				noopts.challenges[ch.type]
+					.remove({ challenge: ch })
+					.catch(function(err) {
+						err.action = 'challenge_remove';
+						err.altname = ch.altname;
+						err.type = ch.type;
+						ACME._notify(me, noopts, 'error', err);
+					});
 			});
 		}
 
@@ -310,95 +317,117 @@ ACME._computeAuths = function(me, options, thumb, request, dryrun) {
 		);
 	}
 
-	var getThumbprint = ACME._thumber(me, options, thumb);
+	var getThumbprint = ACME._thumber(null, options, thumb);
 
-	return getThumbprint().then(function(thumb) {
-		return Promise.all(
-			request.challenges.map(function(challenge) {
-				// Don't do extra work for challenges that we can't satisfy
-				if (!options._presenterTypes.includes(challenge.type)) {
-					return null;
-				}
+	return Promise.all(
+		request.challenges.map(function(challenge) {
+			// Don't do extra work for challenges that we can't satisfy
+			if (!options._presenterTypes.includes(challenge.type)) {
+				return null;
+			}
 
-				var auth = {};
+			var auth = {};
 
-				// straight copy from the new order response
-				// { identifier, status, expires, challenges, wildcard }
-				Object.keys(request).forEach(function(key) {
-					auth[key] = request[key];
+			// straight copy from the new order response
+			// { identifier, status, expires, challenges, wildcard }
+			Object.keys(request).forEach(function(key) {
+				auth[key] = request[key];
+			});
+
+			// copy from the challenge we've chosen
+			// { type, status, url, token }
+			// (note the duplicate status overwrites the one above, but they should be the same)
+			Object.keys(challenge).forEach(function(key) {
+				// don't confused devs with the id url
+				auth[key] = challenge[key];
+			});
+
+			// batteries-included helpers
+			auth.hostname = auth.identifier.value;
+			// because I'm not 100% clear if the wildcard identifier does or doesn't
+			// have the leading *. in all cases
+			auth.altname = ACME._untame(auth.identifier.value, auth.wildcard);
+
+			var zone = pluckZone(
+				options.zonenames || [],
+				auth.identifier.value
+			);
+
+			return ACME.computeChallenge({
+				accountKey: options.accountKey,
+				_getThumbprint: getThumbprint,
+				challenge: auth,
+				zone: zone,
+				dnsPrefix: dnsPrefix
+			}).then(function(resp) {
+				Object.keys(resp).forEach(function(k) {
+					auth[k] = resp[k];
 				});
+				return auth;
+			});
+		})
+	).then(function(auths) {
+		return auths.filter(Boolean);
+	});
+};
 
-				// copy from the challenge we've chosen
-				// { type, status, url, token }
-				// (note the duplicate status overwrites the one above, but they should be the same)
-				Object.keys(challenge).forEach(function(key) {
-					// don't confused devs with the id url
-					auth[key] = challenge[key];
-				});
+ACME.computeChallenge = function(opts) {
+	var auth = opts.challenge;
+	var hostname = auth.hostname || opts.hostname;
+	var zone = opts.zone;
+	var thumb = opts.thumbprint || '';
+	var accountKey = opts.accountKey;
+	var getThumbprint = opts._getThumbprint || ACME._thumber(null, opts, thumb);
+	var dnsPrefix = opts.dnsPrefix || ACME.challengePrefixes['dns-01'];
 
-				// batteries-included helpers
-				auth.hostname = auth.identifier.value;
-				// because I'm not 100% clear if the wildcard identifier does or doesn't
-				// have the leading *. in all cases
-				auth.altname = ACME._untame(
-					auth.identifier.value,
-					auth.wildcard
-				);
+	return getThumbprint(accountKey).then(function(thumb) {
+		var resp = {};
+		resp.thumbprint = thumb;
+		//   keyAuthorization = token + '.' + base64url(JWK_Thumbprint(accountKey))
+		resp.keyAuthorization = auth.token + '.' + thumb;
 
-				auth.thumbprint = thumb;
-				//   keyAuthorization = token + '.' + base64url(JWK_Thumbprint(accountKey))
-				auth.keyAuthorization = challenge.token + '.' + auth.thumbprint;
+		if ('http-01' === auth.type) {
+			// conflicts with ACME challenge id url is already in use,
+			// so we call this challengeUrl instead
+			// TODO auth.http01Url ?
+			resp.challengeUrl =
+				'http://' +
+				// `hostname` is an alias of `auth.indentifier.value`
+				hostname +
+				ACME.challengePrefixes['http-01'] +
+				'/' +
+				auth.token;
+		}
 
-				if ('http-01' === auth.type) {
-					// conflicts with ACME challenge id url is already in use,
-					// so we call this challengeUrl instead
-					// TODO auth.http01Url ?
-					auth.challengeUrl =
-						'http://' +
-						auth.identifier.value +
-						ACME.challengePrefixes['http-01'] +
-						'/' +
-						auth.token;
-					return auth;
-				}
+		if ('dns-01' !== auth.type) {
+			return resp;
+		}
 
-				if ('dns-01' !== auth.type) {
-					return auth;
-				}
-
-				var zone = pluckZone(
-					options.zonenames || [],
-					auth.identifier.value
-				);
-
-				// Always calculate dnsAuthorization because we
-				// may need to present to the user for confirmation / instruction
-				// _as part of_ the decision making process
-				return sha2
-					.sum(256, auth.keyAuthorization)
-					.then(function(hash) {
-						return Enc.bufToUrlBase64(new Uint8Array(hash));
-					})
-					.then(function(hash64) {
-						auth.dnsHost =
-							dnsPrefix + '.' + auth.hostname.replace('*.', '');
-
-						auth.dnsAuthorization = hash64;
-						auth.keyAuthorizationDigest = hash64;
-
-						if (zone) {
-							auth.dnsZone = zone;
-							auth.dnsPrefix = auth.dnsHost
-								.replace(newZoneRegExp(zone), '')
-								.replace(/\.$/, '');
-						}
-
-						return auth;
-					});
+		// Always calculate dnsAuthorization because we
+		// may need to present to the user for confirmation / instruction
+		// _as part of_ the decision making process
+		return sha2
+			.sum(256, resp.keyAuthorization)
+			.then(function(hash) {
+				return Enc.bufToUrlBase64(Uint8Array.from(hash));
 			})
-		).then(function(auths) {
-			return auths.filter(Boolean);
-		});
+			.then(function(hash64) {
+				resp.dnsHost = dnsPrefix + '.' + hostname; // .replace('*.', '');
+
+				// deprecated
+				resp.dnsAuthorization = hash64;
+				// should use this instead
+				resp.keyAuthorizationDigest = hash64;
+
+				if (zone) {
+					resp.dnsZone = zone;
+					resp.dnsPrefix = resp.dnsHost
+						.replace(newZoneRegExp(zone), '')
+						.replace(/\.$/, '');
+				}
+
+				return resp;
+			});
 	});
 };
 
@@ -583,6 +612,7 @@ ACME._setChallenges = function(me, options, order) {
 	var claims = order._claims.slice(0);
 	var valids = [];
 	var auths = [];
+	var placed = [];
 	var USE_DNS = false;
 	var DNS_DELAY = 0;
 
@@ -618,6 +648,7 @@ ACME._setChallenges = function(me, options, order) {
 					);
 				}
 				auths.push(selected);
+				placed.push(selected);
 				ACME._notify(me, options, 'challenge_select', {
 					// API-locked
 					altname: ACME._untame(
@@ -651,10 +682,13 @@ ACME._setChallenges = function(me, options, order) {
 	function waitAll() {
 		//#console.debug('\n[DEBUG] waitChallengeDelay %s\n', DELAY);
 		if (!DNS_DELAY || DNS_DELAY <= 0) {
-			console.warn(
-				'the given dns-01 challenge did not specify `propagationDelay`'
-			);
-			console.warn('the default of 5000ms will be used');
+			if (!ACME._propagationDelayWarning) {
+				console.warn(
+					'warn: the given dns-01 challenge did not specify `propagationDelay`'
+				);
+				console.warn('warn: the default of 5000ms will be used');
+				ACME._propagationDelayWarning = true;
+			}
 			DNS_DELAY = 5000;
 		}
 		return ACME._wait(DNS_DELAY);
@@ -683,7 +717,22 @@ ACME._setChallenges = function(me, options, order) {
 	// is so that we don't poison our own DNS cache with misses.
 	return setNext()
 		.then(waitAll)
-		.then(checkNext);
+		.then(checkNext)
+		.catch(function(err) {
+			if (!options.debug) {
+				placed.forEach(function(ch) {
+					options.challenges[ch.type]
+						.remove({ challenge: ch })
+						.catch(function(err) {
+							err.action = 'challenge_remove';
+							err.altname = ch.altname;
+							err.type = ch.type;
+							ACME._notify(me, options, 'error', err);
+						});
+				});
+			}
+			throw err;
+		});
 };
 
 ACME._normalizePresenters = function(me, options, presenters) {
@@ -1283,40 +1332,6 @@ ACME._prnd = function(n) {
 ACME._toHex = function(pair) {
 	return parseInt(pair, 10).toString(16);
 };
-ACME._removeChallenge = function(me, options, auth) {
-	var challengers = options.challenges || {};
-	var ch = auth.challenge;
-	var removeChallenge = challengers[ch.type] && challengers[ch.type].remove;
-	if (!removeChallenge) {
-		throw new Error('challenge plugin is missing remove()');
-	}
-
-	// TODO normalize, warn, and just use promises
-	if (1 === removeChallenge.length) {
-		return Promise.resolve(removeChallenge(auth)).then(
-			function() {},
-			function(e) {
-				console.error('Error during remove challenge:');
-				console.error(e);
-			}
-		);
-	} else if (2 === removeChallenge.length) {
-		return new Promise(function(resolve) {
-			removeChallenge(auth, function(err) {
-				resolve();
-				if (err) {
-					console.error('Error during remove challenge:');
-					console.error(err);
-				}
-				return err;
-			});
-		});
-	} else {
-		throw new Error(
-			"Bad function signature for '" + auth.type + "' challenge.remove()"
-		);
-	}
-};
 
 ACME._depInit = function(me, presenter) {
 	if ('function' !== typeof presenter.init) {
diff --git a/tests/compute-authorization-response.js b/tests/compute-authorization-response.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cace3ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compute-authorization-response.js
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+'use strict';
+
+var ACME = require('../');
+var accountKey = require('../fixtures/account.jwk.json').private;
+
+var authorization = {
+	identifier: {
+		type: 'dns',
+		value: 'example.com'
+	},
+	status: 'pending',
+	expires: '2018-04-25T00:23:57Z',
+	challenges: [
+		{
+			type: 'dns-01',
+			status: 'pending',
+			url:
+				'https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/acme/challenge/cMkwXI8pIeKN04Ynfem8ErHK3GeqAPdSt2x6q7PvVGU/118755342',
+			token: 'LZdlUiZ-kWPs6q5WTmQFYQHZKpz9szn2vxEUu0XhyyM'
+		},
+		{
+			type: 'http-01',
+			status: 'pending',
+			url:
+				'https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/acme/challenge/cMkwXI8pIeKN04Ynfem8ErHK3GeqAPdSt2x6q7PvVGU/118755343',
+			token: '1S4zBG5YVhwSBaIY4ksI_KNMRrSmH0DZfNM9v7PYjDU'
+		}
+	]
+};
+var expectedChallengeUrl =
+	'http://example.com/.well-known/acme-challenge/1S4zBG5YVhwSBaIY4ksI_KNMRrSmH0DZfNM9v7PYjDU';
+var expectedKeyAuth =
+	'1S4zBG5YVhwSBaIY4ksI_KNMRrSmH0DZfNM9v7PYjDU.UuuZa_56jCM2douUq1riGyRphPtRvCPkxtkg0bP-pNs';
+var expectedKeyAuthDigest = 'iQiMcQUDiAeD0TJV1RHJuGnI5D2-PuSpxKz9JqUaZ2M';
+var expectedDnsHost = '_test-challenge.example.com';
+
+async function main() {
+	console.info('\n[Test] computing challenge authorizatin responses');
+	var challenges = authorization.challenges.slice(0);
+
+	function next() {
+		var ch = challenges.shift();
+		if (!ch) {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		var hostname = authorization.identifier.value;
+		return ACME.computeChallenge({
+			accountKey: accountKey,
+			hostname: hostname,
+			challenge: ch,
+			dnsPrefix: '_test-challenge'
+		})
+			.then(function(auth) {
+				if ('dns-01' === ch.type) {
+					if (auth.keyAuthorizationDigest !== expectedKeyAuthDigest) {
+						console.error('[keyAuthorizationDigest]');
+						console.error(auth.keyAuthorizationDigest);
+						console.error(expectedKeyAuthDigest);
+						throw new Error('bad keyAuthDigest');
+					}
+					if (auth.dnsHost !== expectedDnsHost) {
+						console.error('[dnsHost]');
+						console.error(auth.dnsHost);
+						console.error(expectedDnsHost);
+						throw new Error('bad dnsHost');
+					}
+				} else if ('http-01' === ch.type) {
+					if (auth.challengeUrl !== expectedChallengeUrl) {
+						console.error('[challengeUrl]');
+						console.error(auth.challengeUrl);
+						console.error(expectedChallengeUrl);
+						throw new Error('bad challengeUrl');
+					}
+					if (auth.challengeUrl !== expectedChallengeUrl) {
+						console.error('[keyAuthorization]');
+						console.error(auth.keyAuthorization);
+						console.error(expectedKeyAuth);
+						throw new Error('bad keyAuth');
+					}
+				} else {
+					throw new Error('bad authorization inputs');
+				}
+				console.info('PASS', hostname, ch.type);
+				return next();
+			})
+			.catch(function(err) {
+				err.message =
+					'Error computing ' +
+					ch.type +
+					' for ' +
+					hostname +
+					':' +
+					err.message;
+				throw err;
+			});
+	}
+
+	return next();
+}
+
+module.exports = function() {
+	return main(authorization)
+		.then(function() {
+			console.info('PASS');
+		})
+		.catch(function(err) {
+			console.error(err.stack);
+			process.exit(1);
+		});
+};
diff --git a/tests/fullchain-formats.js b/tests/format-pem-chains.js
similarity index 50%
rename from tests/fullchain-formats.js
rename to tests/format-pem-chains.js
index b265b11..c037560 100644
--- a/tests/fullchain-formats.js
+++ b/tests/format-pem-chains.js
@@ -35,55 +35,46 @@ var tests = [
 	'----\nxxxx\nyyyy\n----\r\n----\nxxxx\ryyyy\n----\n'
 ];
 
-function formatPemChain(str) {
-	return (
-		str
-			.trim()
-			.replace(/[\r\n]+/g, '\n')
-			.replace(/\-\n\-/g, '-\n\n-') + '\n'
-	);
-}
-function splitPemChain(str) {
-	return str
-		.trim()
-		.split(/[\r\n]{2,}/g)
-		.map(function(str) {
-			return str + '\n';
-		});
-}
+var ACME = require('../');
 
-tests.forEach(function(str) {
-	var actual = formatPemChain(str);
-	if (expected !== actual) {
-		console.error('input:   ', JSON.stringify(str));
-		console.error('expected:', JSON.stringify(expected));
-		console.error('actual:  ', JSON.stringify(actual));
-		throw new Error('did not pass');
+module.exports = function() {
+	console.info('\n[Test] can split and format PEM chain properly');
+
+	tests.forEach(function(str) {
+		var actual = ACME.formatPemChain(str);
+		if (expected !== actual) {
+			console.error('input:   ', JSON.stringify(str));
+			console.error('expected:', JSON.stringify(expected));
+			console.error('actual:  ', JSON.stringify(actual));
+			throw new Error('did not pass');
+		}
+	});
+
+	if (
+		'----\nxxxx\nyyyy\n----\n' !==
+		ACME.formatPemChain('\n\n----\r\nxxxx\r\nyyyy\r\n----\n\n')
+	) {
+		throw new Error('Not proper for single cert in chain');
 	}
-});
 
-if (
-	'----\nxxxx\nyyyy\n----\n' !==
-	formatPemChain('\n\n----\r\nxxxx\r\nyyyy\r\n----\n\n')
-) {
-	throw new Error('Not proper for single cert in chain');
-}
-
-if (
-	'--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n\n--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n\n--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n' !==
-	formatPemChain(
-		'\n\n\n--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n\n\n\n--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n\n\n--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n\n\n'
-	)
-) {
-	throw new Error('Not proper for three certs in chain');
-}
-
-splitPemChain(
-	'--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n\n--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n\n--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n'
-).forEach(function(str) {
-	if ('--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n' !== str) {
-		throw new Error('bad thingy');
+	if (
+		'--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n\n--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n\n--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n' !==
+		ACME.formatPemChain(
+			'\n\n\n--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n\n\n\n--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n\n\n--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n\n\n'
+		)
+	) {
+		throw new Error('Not proper for three certs in chain');
 	}
-});
 
-console.info('PASS');
+	ACME.splitPemChain(
+		'--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n\n--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n\n--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n'
+	).forEach(function(str) {
+		if ('--B--\nxxxx\nyyyy\n--E--\n' !== str) {
+			throw new Error('bad thingy');
+		}
+	});
+
+	console.info('PASS');
+
+  return Promise.resolve();
+};
diff --git a/tests/generate-cert-key.js b/tests/generate-cert-key.js
index 70e89c9..caa6d88 100644
--- a/tests/generate-cert-key.js
+++ b/tests/generate-cert-key.js
@@ -1,15 +1,27 @@
 'use strict';
 
-async function run() {
+module.exports = async function() {
+	console.log('[Test] can generate, export, and import key');
 	var Keypairs = require('@root/keypairs');
 
 	var certKeypair = await Keypairs.generate({ kty: 'RSA' });
-	console.log(certKeypair);
+	//console.log(certKeypair);
 	var pem = await Keypairs.export({
 		jwk: certKeypair.private,
 		encoding: 'pem'
 	});
-	console.log(pem);
-}
+	var jwk = await Keypairs.import({
+		pem: pem
+	});
+	['kty', 'd', 'n', 'e'].forEach(function(k) {
+		if (!jwk[k] || jwk[k] !== certKeypair.private[k]) {
+			throw new Error('bad export/import');
+		}
+	});
+	//console.log(pem);
+	console.log('PASS');
+};
 
-run();
+if (require.main === module) {
+	module.exports();
+}
diff --git a/tests/index.js b/tests/index.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 15631e0..0000000
--- a/tests/index.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,245 +0,0 @@
-'use strict';
-
-require('dotenv').config();
-
-var CSR = require('@root/csr');
-var Enc = require('@root/encoding/base64');
-var PEM = require('@root/pem');
-var punycode = require('punycode');
-var ACME = require('../acme.js');
-var Keypairs = require('@root/keypairs');
-
-// TODO exec npm install --save-dev CHALLENGE_MODULE
-if (!process.env.CHALLENGE_OPTIONS) {
-	console.error(
-		'Please create a .env in the format of examples/example.env to run the tests'
-	);
-	process.exit(1);
-}
-
-var config = {
-	env: process.env.ENV,
-	email: process.env.SUBSCRIBER_EMAIL,
-	domain: process.env.BASE_DOMAIN,
-	challengeType: process.env.CHALLENGE_TYPE,
-	challengeModule: process.env.CHALLENGE_PLUGIN,
-	challengeOptions: JSON.parse(process.env.CHALLENGE_OPTIONS)
-};
-config.debug = !/^PROD/i.test(config.env);
-var pluginPrefix = 'acme-' + config.challengeType + '-';
-var pluginName = config.challengeModule;
-var plugin;
-
-var acme = ACME.create({
-	// debug: true
-	maintainerEmail: config.email,
-	notify: function(ev, params) {
-		console.info(
-			ev,
-			params.subject || params.altname || params.domain,
-			params.status
-		);
-		if ('error' === ev) {
-			console.error(params);
-			console.error(params.error);
-		}
-	}
-});
-
-function badPlugin(err) {
-	if ('MODULE_NOT_FOUND' !== err.code) {
-		console.error(err);
-		return;
-	}
-	console.error("Couldn't find '" + pluginName + "'. Is it installed?");
-	console.error("\tnpm install --save-dev '" + pluginName + "'");
-}
-try {
-	plugin = require(pluginName);
-} catch (err) {
-	if (
-		'MODULE_NOT_FOUND' !== err.code ||
-		0 === pluginName.indexOf(pluginPrefix)
-	) {
-		badPlugin(err);
-		process.exit(1);
-	}
-	try {
-		pluginName = pluginPrefix + pluginName;
-		plugin = require(pluginName);
-	} catch (e) {
-		badPlugin(e);
-		process.exit(1);
-	}
-}
-
-config.challenger = plugin.create(config.challengeOptions);
-if (!config.challengeType || !config.domain) {
-	console.error(
-		new Error('Missing config variables. Check you .env and the docs')
-			.message
-	);
-	console.error(config);
-	process.exit(1);
-}
-
-var challenges = {};
-challenges[config.challengeType] = config.challenger;
-
-async function happyPath(accKty, srvKty, rnd) {
-	var agreed = false;
-	var metadata = await acme.init(
-		'https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory'
-	);
-
-	// Ready to use, show page
-	if (config.debug) {
-		console.info('ACME.js initialized');
-		console.info(metadata);
-		console.info();
-		console.info();
-	}
-
-	var accountKeypair = await Keypairs.generate({ kty: accKty });
-	var accountKey = accountKeypair.private;
-	if (config.debug) {
-		console.info('Account Key Created');
-		console.info(JSON.stringify(accountKey, null, 2));
-		console.info();
-		console.info();
-	}
-
-	var account = await acme.accounts.create({
-		agreeToTerms: agree,
-		// TODO detect jwk/pem/der?
-		accountKey: accountKey,
-		subscriberEmail: config.email
-	});
-
-	// TODO top-level agree
-	function agree(tos) {
-		if (config.debug) {
-			console.info('Agreeing to Terms of Service:');
-			console.info(tos);
-			console.info();
-			console.info();
-		}
-		agreed = true;
-		return Promise.resolve(tos);
-	}
-	if (config.debug) {
-		console.info('New Subscriber Account');
-		console.info(JSON.stringify(account, null, 2));
-		console.info();
-		console.info();
-	}
-	if (!agreed) {
-		throw new Error('Failed to ask the user to agree to terms');
-	}
-
-	var certKeypair = await Keypairs.generate({ kty: srvKty });
-	var pem = await Keypairs.export({
-		jwk: certKeypair.private,
-		encoding: 'pem'
-	});
-	if (config.debug) {
-		console.info('Server Key Created');
-		console.info('privkey.jwk.json');
-		console.info(JSON.stringify(certKeypair, null, 2));
-		// This should be saved as `privkey.pem`
-		console.info();
-		console.info('privkey.' + srvKty.toLowerCase() + '.pem:');
-		console.info(pem);
-		console.info();
-	}
-
-	// 'subject' should be first in list
-	var domains = randomDomains(rnd);
-	if (config.debug) {
-		console.info('Get certificates for random domains:');
-		console.info(
-			domains
-				.map(function(puny) {
-					var uni = punycode.toUnicode(puny);
-					if (puny !== uni) {
-						return puny + ' (' + uni + ')';
-					}
-					return puny;
-				})
-				.join('\n')
-		);
-		console.info();
-	}
-
-	// Create CSR
-	var csrDer = await CSR.csr({
-		jwk: certKeypair.private,
-		domains: domains,
-		encoding: 'der'
-	});
-	var csr = Enc.bufToUrlBase64(csrDer);
-	var csrPem = PEM.packBlock({
-		type: 'CERTIFICATE REQUEST',
-		bytes: csrDer /* { jwk: jwk, domains: opts.domains } */
-	});
-	if (config.debug) {
-		console.info('Certificate Signing Request');
-		console.info(csrPem);
-		console.info();
-	}
-
-	var results = await acme.certificates.create({
-		account: account,
-		accountKey: accountKey,
-		csr: csr,
-		domains: domains,
-		challenges: challenges, // must be implemented
-		customerEmail: null
-	});
-
-	if (config.debug) {
-		console.info('Got SSL Certificate:');
-		console.info(Object.keys(results));
-		console.info(results.expires);
-		console.info(results.cert);
-		console.info(results.chain);
-		console.info();
-		console.info();
-	}
-}
-
-// Try EC + RSA
-var rnd = random();
-happyPath('EC', 'RSA', rnd)
-	.then(function() {
-		// Now try RSA + EC
-		rnd = random();
-		return happyPath('RSA', 'EC', rnd).then(function() {
-			console.info('success');
-		});
-	})
-	.catch(function(err) {
-		console.error('Error:');
-		console.error(err.stack);
-	});
-
-function randomDomains(rnd) {
-	return ['foo-acmejs', 'bar-acmejs', '*.baz-acmejs', 'baz-acmejs'].map(
-		function(pre) {
-			return punycode.toASCII(pre + '-' + rnd + '.' + config.domain);
-		}
-	);
-}
-
-function random() {
-	return (
-		parseInt(
-			Math.random()
-				.toString()
-				.slice(2, 99),
-			10
-		)
-			.toString(16)
-			.slice(0, 4) + '例'
-	);
-}
diff --git a/tests/issue-certificates.js b/tests/issue-certificates.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a63a58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/issue-certificates.js
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+'use strict';
+
+require('dotenv').config();
+
+var CSR = require('@root/csr');
+var Enc = require('@root/encoding/base64');
+var PEM = require('@root/pem');
+var punycode = require('punycode');
+var ACME = require('../acme.js');
+var Keypairs = require('@root/keypairs');
+
+// TODO exec npm install --save-dev CHALLENGE_MODULE
+if (!process.env.CHALLENGE_OPTIONS) {
+	console.error(
+		'Please create a .env in the format of examples/example.env to run the tests'
+	);
+	process.exit(1);
+}
+
+var config = {
+	env: process.env.ENV,
+	email: process.env.SUBSCRIBER_EMAIL,
+	domain: process.env.BASE_DOMAIN,
+	challengeType: process.env.CHALLENGE_TYPE,
+	challengeModule: process.env.CHALLENGE_PLUGIN,
+	challengeOptions: JSON.parse(process.env.CHALLENGE_OPTIONS)
+};
+//config.debug = !/^PROD/i.test(config.env);
+var pluginPrefix = 'acme-' + config.challengeType + '-';
+var pluginName = config.challengeModule;
+var plugin;
+
+module.exports = function() {
+	console.info('\n[Test] end-to-end issue certificates');
+
+	var acme = ACME.create({
+		// debug: true
+		maintainerEmail: config.email,
+		notify: function(ev, params) {
+			console.info(
+				'\t' + ev,
+				params.subject || params.altname || params.domain || '',
+				params.status || ''
+			);
+			if ('error' === ev) {
+				console.error(params.action || params.type || '');
+				console.error(params);
+			}
+		}
+	});
+
+	function badPlugin(err) {
+		if ('MODULE_NOT_FOUND' !== err.code) {
+			console.error(err);
+			return;
+		}
+		console.error("Couldn't find '" + pluginName + "'. Is it installed?");
+		console.error("\tnpm install --save-dev '" + pluginName + "'");
+	}
+	try {
+		plugin = require(pluginName);
+	} catch (err) {
+		if (
+			'MODULE_NOT_FOUND' !== err.code ||
+			0 === pluginName.indexOf(pluginPrefix)
+		) {
+			badPlugin(err);
+			process.exit(1);
+		}
+		try {
+			pluginName = pluginPrefix + pluginName;
+			plugin = require(pluginName);
+		} catch (e) {
+			badPlugin(e);
+			process.exit(1);
+		}
+	}
+
+	config.challenger = plugin.create(config.challengeOptions);
+	if (!config.challengeType || !config.domain) {
+		console.error(
+			new Error('Missing config variables. Check you .env and the docs')
+				.message
+		);
+		console.error(config);
+		process.exit(1);
+	}
+
+	var challenges = {};
+	challenges[config.challengeType] = config.challenger;
+
+	async function happyPath(accKty, srvKty, rnd) {
+		var agreed = false;
+		var metadata = await acme.init(
+			'https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory'
+		);
+
+		// Ready to use, show page
+		if (config.debug) {
+			console.info('ACME.js initialized');
+			console.info(metadata);
+			console.info();
+			console.info();
+		}
+
+		var accountKeypair = await Keypairs.generate({ kty: accKty });
+		var accountKey = accountKeypair.private;
+		if (config.debug) {
+			console.info('Account Key Created');
+			console.info(JSON.stringify(accountKey, null, 2));
+			console.info();
+			console.info();
+		}
+
+		var account = await acme.accounts.create({
+			agreeToTerms: agree,
+			// TODO detect jwk/pem/der?
+			accountKey: accountKey,
+			subscriberEmail: config.email
+		});
+
+		// TODO top-level agree
+		function agree(tos) {
+			if (config.debug) {
+				console.info('Agreeing to Terms of Service:');
+				console.info(tos);
+				console.info();
+				console.info();
+			}
+			agreed = true;
+			return Promise.resolve(tos);
+		}
+		if (config.debug) {
+			console.info('New Subscriber Account');
+			console.info(JSON.stringify(account, null, 2));
+			console.info();
+			console.info();
+		}
+		if (!agreed) {
+			throw new Error('Failed to ask the user to agree to terms');
+		}
+
+		var certKeypair = await Keypairs.generate({ kty: srvKty });
+		var pem = await Keypairs.export({
+			jwk: certKeypair.private,
+			encoding: 'pem'
+		});
+		if (config.debug) {
+			console.info('Server Key Created');
+			console.info('privkey.jwk.json');
+			console.info(JSON.stringify(certKeypair, null, 2));
+			// This should be saved as `privkey.pem`
+			console.info();
+			console.info('privkey.' + srvKty.toLowerCase() + '.pem:');
+			console.info(pem);
+			console.info();
+		}
+
+		// 'subject' should be first in list
+		var domains = randomDomains(rnd);
+		if (config.debug) {
+			console.info('Get certificates for random domains:');
+			console.info(
+				domains
+					.map(function(puny) {
+						var uni = punycode.toUnicode(puny);
+						if (puny !== uni) {
+							return puny + ' (' + uni + ')';
+						}
+						return puny;
+					})
+					.join('\n')
+			);
+			console.info();
+		}
+
+		// Create CSR
+		var csrDer = await CSR.csr({
+			jwk: certKeypair.private,
+			domains: domains,
+			encoding: 'der'
+		});
+		var csr = Enc.bufToUrlBase64(csrDer);
+		var csrPem = PEM.packBlock({
+			type: 'CERTIFICATE REQUEST',
+			bytes: csrDer /* { jwk: jwk, domains: opts.domains } */
+		});
+		if (config.debug) {
+			console.info('Certificate Signing Request');
+			console.info(csrPem);
+			console.info();
+		}
+
+		var results = await acme.certificates.create({
+			account: account,
+			accountKey: accountKey,
+			csr: csr,
+			domains: domains,
+			challenges: challenges, // must be implemented
+			customerEmail: null
+		});
+
+		if (config.debug) {
+			console.info('Got SSL Certificate:');
+			console.info(Object.keys(results));
+			console.info(results.expires);
+			console.info(results.cert);
+			console.info(results.chain);
+			console.info();
+			console.info();
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Try EC + RSA
+	var rnd = random();
+	happyPath('EC', 'RSA', rnd)
+		.then(function() {
+			console.info('PASS: ECDSA account key with RSA server key');
+			// Now try RSA + EC
+			rnd = random();
+			return happyPath('RSA', 'EC', rnd).then(function() {
+				console.info('PASS: RSA account key with ECDSA server key');
+			});
+		})
+		.then(function() {
+			console.info('PASS');
+		})
+		.catch(function(err) {
+			console.error('Error:');
+			console.error(err.stack);
+		});
+
+	function randomDomains(rnd) {
+		return ['foo-acmejs', 'bar-acmejs', '*.baz-acmejs', 'baz-acmejs'].map(
+			function(pre) {
+				return punycode.toASCII(pre + '-' + rnd + '.' + config.domain);
+			}
+		);
+	}
+
+	function random() {
+		return (
+			parseInt(
+				Math.random()
+					.toString()
+					.slice(2, 99),
+				10
+			)
+				.toString(16)
+				.slice(0, 4) + '例'
+		);
+	}
+};
diff --git a/utils.js b/utils.js
index 46859dd..b1b9147 100644
--- a/utils.js
+++ b/utils.js
@@ -122,29 +122,26 @@ U._setNonce = function(me, nonce) {
 	me._nonces.unshift({ nonce: nonce, createdAt: Date.now() });
 };
 
-U._importKeypair = function(me, kp) {
-	var jwk = kp.privateKeyJwk;
-	if (kp.kty) {
-		jwk = kp;
-		kp = {};
-	}
-	var pub;
+U._importKeypair = function(me, key) {
 	var p;
-	if (jwk) {
+	var pub;
+
+	if (key && key.kty) {
 		// nix the browser jwk extras
-		jwk.key_ops = undefined;
-		jwk.ext = undefined;
-		pub = Keypairs.neuter({ jwk: jwk });
+		key.key_ops = undefined;
+		key.ext = undefined;
+		pub = Keypairs.neuter({ jwk: key });
 		p = Promise.resolve({
-			private: jwk,
+			private: key,
 			public: pub
 		});
+	} else if ('string' === typeof key) {
+		p = Keypairs.import({ pem: key });
 	} else {
-		p = Keypairs.import({ pem: kp.privateKeyPem });
+		throw new Error('no private key given');
 	}
+
 	return p.then(function(pair) {
-		kp.privateKeyJwk = pair.private;
-		kp.publicKeyJwk = pair.public;
 		if (pair.public.kid) {
 			pair = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(pair));
 			delete pair.public.kid;