diff --git a/app.js b/app.js
index 22e293a..7619d43 100644
--- a/app.js
+++ b/app.js
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
   var Rasha = window.Rasha;
   var Eckles = window.Eckles;
   var x509 = window.x509;
+  var ACME = window.ACME;
 
   function $(sel) {
     return document.querySelector(sel);
@@ -106,7 +107,22 @@
       ev.preventDefault();
       ev.stopPropagation();
       $('.js-loading').hidden = false;
-      //ACME.accounts.create
+      var acme = ACME.create({
+        Keypairs: Keypairs
+      });
+      acme.init('https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory').then(function (result) {
+        console.log('acme result', result);
+        return acme.accounts.create({
+          email: $('.js-email').innerText
+        , agreeToTerms: function (tos) {
+            console.log("TODO checkbox for agree to terms");
+            return tos;
+          }
+        , accountKeypair: {
+            privateKeyJwk: JSON.parse($('.js-jwk').innerText).private
+          }
+        });
+      });
     });
 
     $('.js-generate').hidden = false;
diff --git a/lib/acme.js b/lib/acme.js
index afbedf4..867d3dc 100644
--- a/lib/acme.js
+++ b/lib/acme.js
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ ACME.challengePrefixes = {
 ACME.challengeTests = {
   'http-01': function (me, auth) {
     var url = 'http://' + auth.hostname + ACME.challengePrefixes['http-01'] + '/' + auth.token;
-    return me._request({ method: 'GET', url: url }).then(function (resp) {
+    return me.request({ method: 'GET', url: url }).then(function (resp) {
       var err;
 
       // TODO limit the number of bytes that are allowed to be downloaded
@@ -76,16 +76,28 @@ ACME.challengeTests = {
 
 ACME._directory = function (me) {
   // GET-as-GET ok
-  return me._request({ method: 'GET', url: me.directoryUrl, json: true });
+  return me.request({ method: 'GET', url: me.directoryUrl, json: true });
 };
 ACME._getNonce = function (me) {
   // GET-as-GET, HEAD-as-HEAD ok
-  if (me._nonce) { return new Promise(function (resolve) { resolve(me._nonce); return; }); }
-  return me._request({ method: 'HEAD', url: me._directoryUrls.newNonce }).then(function (resp) {
-    me._nonce = resp.toJSON().headers['replay-nonce'];
-    return me._nonce;
+  var nonce;
+  while (true) {
+    nonce = me._nonces.shift();
+    if (!nonce) { break; }
+    if (Date.now() - nonce.createdAt > (15 * 60 * 1000)) {
+      nonce = null;
+    } else {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (nonce) { return Promise.resolve(nonce); }
+  return me.request({ method: 'HEAD', url: me._directoryUrls.newNonce }).then(function (resp) {
+    return resp.headers['replay-nonce'];
   });
 };
+ACME._setNonce = function (me, nonce) {
+  me._nonces.unshift({ nonce: nonce, createdAt: Date.now() });
+};
 // ACME RFC Section 7.3 Account Creation
 /*
  {
@@ -109,91 +121,86 @@ ACME._getNonce = function (me) {
 ACME._registerAccount = function (me, options) {
   if (me.debug) { console.debug('[acme-v2] accounts.create'); }
 
-  return ACME._getNonce(me).then(function () {
-    return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
+  return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
 
-      function agree(tosUrl) {
-        var err;
-        if (me._tos !== tosUrl) {
-          err = new Error("You must agree to the ToS at '" + me._tos + "'");
-          err.code = "E_AGREE_TOS";
-          reject(err);
-          return;
-        }
+    function agree(tosUrl) {
+      var err;
+      if (me._tos !== tosUrl) {
+        err = new Error("You must agree to the ToS at '" + me._tos + "'");
+        err.code = "E_AGREE_TOS";
+        reject(err);
+        return;
+      }
 
-        var jwk = options.accountKeypair.privateKeyJwk;
-        var p;
-        if (jwk) {
-          p = Promise.resolve({ private: jwk, public: Keypairs.neuter(jwk) });
-        } else {
-          p = Keypairs.import({ pem: options.accountKeypair.privateKeyPem });
+      var jwk = options.accountKeypair.privateKeyJwk;
+      var p;
+      if (jwk) {
+        // nix the browser jwk extras
+        jwk.key_ops = undefined;
+        jwk.ext = undefined;
+        p = Promise.resolve({ private: jwk, public: Keypairs.neuter({ jwk: jwk }) });
+      } else {
+        p = Keypairs.import({ pem: options.accountKeypair.privateKeyPem });
+      }
+      return p.then(function (pair) {
+        options.accountKeypair.privateKeyJwk = pair.private;
+        options.accountKeypair.publicKeyJwk = pair.public;
+        if (pair.public.kid) {
+          pair = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(pair));
+          delete pair.public.kid;
+          delete pair.private.kid;
         }
-        return p.then(function (pair) {
-          if (pair.public.kid) {
-            pair = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(pair));
-            delete pair.public.kid;
-            delete pair.private.kid;
-          }
-          return pair;
-        }).then(function (pair) {
-          var contact;
-          if (options.contact) {
-            contact = options.contact.slice(0);
-          } else if (options.email) {
-            contact = [ 'mailto:' + options.email ];
-          }
-          var body = {
-            termsOfServiceAgreed: tosUrl === me._tos
-          , onlyReturnExisting: false
-          , contact: contact
-          };
-          if (options.externalAccount) {
-            body.externalAccountBinding = me.RSA.signJws(
-              // TODO is HMAC the standard, or is this arbitrary?
-              options.externalAccount.secret
-            , undefined
-            , { alg: options.externalAccount.alg || "HS256"
-              , kid: options.externalAccount.id
-              , url: me._directoryUrls.newAccount
-              }
-            , Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(pair.public))
-            );
-          }
-          var payload = JSON.stringify(body);
-          var jws = Keypairs.signJws(
-            options.accountKeypair
-          , undefined
-          , { nonce: me._nonce
-            , alg: (me._alg || 'RS256')
+        return pair;
+      }).then(function (pair) {
+        var contact;
+        if (options.contact) {
+          contact = options.contact.slice(0);
+        } else if (options.email) {
+          contact = [ 'mailto:' + options.email ];
+        }
+        var body = {
+          termsOfServiceAgreed: tosUrl === me._tos
+        , onlyReturnExisting: false
+        , contact: contact
+        };
+        var pExt;
+        if (options.externalAccount) {
+          pExt = me.Keypairs.signJws({
+            // TODO is HMAC the standard, or is this arbitrary?
+            secret: options.externalAccount.secret
+          , protected: {
+              alg: options.externalAccount.alg || "HS256"
+            , kid: options.externalAccount.id
             , url: me._directoryUrls.newAccount
-            , jwk: pair.public
             }
-          , Buffer.from(payload)
-          );
-
-          delete jws.header;
-          if (me.debug) { console.debug('[acme-v2] accounts.create JSON body:'); }
-          if (me.debug) { console.debug(jws); }
-          me._nonce = null;
-          return me._request({
-            method: 'POST'
+          , payload: Enc.strToBuf(JSON.stringify(pair.public))
+          }).then(function (jws) {
+            body.externalAccountBinding = jws;
+            return body;
+          });
+        } else {
+          pExt = Promise.resolve(body);
+        }
+        return pExt.then(function (body) {
+          var payload = JSON.stringify(body);
+          return ACME._jwsRequest(me, {
+            options: options
           , url: me._directoryUrls.newAccount
-          , headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/jose+json' }
-          , json: jws
+          , protected: { kid: false, jwk: pair.public }
+          , payload: Enc.binToBuf(payload)
           }).then(function (resp) {
             var account = resp.body;
 
             if (2 !== Math.floor(resp.statusCode / 100)) {
-              throw new Error('account error: ' + JSON.stringify(body));
+              throw new Error('account error: ' + JSON.stringify(resp.body));
             }
 
-            me._nonce = resp.toJSON().headers['replay-nonce'];
-            var location = resp.toJSON().headers.location;
+            var location = resp.headers.location;
             // the account id url
-            me._kid = location;
+            options._kid = location;
             if (me.debug) { console.debug('[DEBUG] new account location:'); }
             if (me.debug) { console.debug(location); }
-            if (me.debug) { console.debug(resp.toJSON()); }
+            if (me.debug) { console.debug(resp); }
 
             /*
             {
@@ -205,29 +212,29 @@ ACME._registerAccount = function (me, options) {
             if (!account) { account = { _emptyResponse: true, key: {} }; }
             // https://git.coolaj86.com/coolaj86/acme-v2.js/issues/8
             if (!account.key) { account.key = {}; }
-            account.key.kid = me._kid;
+            account.key.kid = options._kid;
             return account;
           }).then(resolve, reject);
         });
-      }
+      });
+    }
 
-      if (me.debug) { console.debug('[acme-v2] agreeToTerms'); }
-      if (1 === options.agreeToTerms.length) {
-        // newer promise API
-        return options.agreeToTerms(me._tos).then(agree, reject);
-      }
-      else if (2 === options.agreeToTerms.length) {
-        // backwards compat cb API
-        return options.agreeToTerms(me._tos, function (err, tosUrl) {
-          if (!err) { agree(tosUrl); return; }
-          reject(err);
-        });
-      }
-      else {
-        reject(new Error('agreeToTerms has incorrect function signature.'
-          + ' Should be fn(tos) { return Promise<tos>; }'));
-      }
-    });
+    if (me.debug) { console.debug('[acme-v2] agreeToTerms'); }
+    if (1 === options.agreeToTerms.length) {
+      // newer promise API
+      return Promise.resolve(options.agreeToTerms(me._tos)).then(agree, reject);
+    }
+    else if (2 === options.agreeToTerms.length) {
+      // backwards compat cb API
+      return options.agreeToTerms(me._tos, function (err, tosUrl) {
+        if (!err) { agree(tosUrl); return; }
+        reject(err);
+      });
+    }
+    else {
+      reject(new Error('agreeToTerms has incorrect function signature.'
+        + ' Should be fn(tos) { return Promise<tos>; }'));
+    }
   });
 };
 /*
@@ -250,10 +257,16 @@ ACME._registerAccount = function (me, options) {
    "signature": "H6ZXtGjTZyUnPeKn...wEA4TklBdh3e454g"
  }
 */
-ACME._getChallenges = function (me, options, auth) {
+ACME._getChallenges = function (me, options, authUrl) {
   if (me.debug) { console.debug('\n[DEBUG] getChallenges\n'); }
   // TODO POST-as-GET
-  return me._request({ method: 'GET', url: auth, json: true }).then(function (resp) {
+
+  return ACME._jwsRequest(me, {
+    options: options
+  , protected: {}
+  , payload: ''
+  , url: authUrl
+  }).then(function (resp) {
     return resp.body;
   });
 };
@@ -389,16 +402,18 @@ ACME._challengeToAuth = function (me, options, request, challenge, dryrun) {
   auth.hostname = auth.identifier.value;
   // because I'm not 100% clear if the wildcard identifier does or doesn't have the leading *. in all cases
   auth.altname = ACME._untame(auth.identifier.value, auth.wildcard);
-  auth.thumbprint = me.RSA.thumbprint(options.accountKeypair);
-  //   keyAuthorization = token || '.' || base64url(JWK_Thumbprint(accountKey))
-  auth.keyAuthorization = challenge.token + '.' + auth.thumbprint;
-  // conflicts with ACME challenge id url is already in use, so we call this challengeUrl instead
-  auth.challengeUrl = 'http://' + auth.identifier.value + ACME.challengePrefixes['http-01'] + '/' + auth.token;
-  auth.dnsHost = dnsPrefix + '.' + auth.hostname.replace('*.', '');
+  return me.Keypairs.thumbprint({ jwk: options.accountKeypair.publicKeyJwk }).then(function (thumb) {
+    auth.thumbprint = thumb;
+    //   keyAuthorization = token || '.' || base64url(JWK_Thumbprint(accountKey))
+    auth.keyAuthorization = challenge.token + '.' + auth.thumbprint;
+    // conflicts with ACME challenge id url is already in use, so we call this challengeUrl instead
+    auth.challengeUrl = 'http://' + auth.identifier.value + ACME.challengePrefixes['http-01'] + '/' + auth.token;
+    auth.dnsHost = dnsPrefix + '.' + auth.hostname.replace('*.', '');
 
-  return Crypto._sha('sha256', auth.keyAuthorization).then(function (hash) {
-    auth.dnsAuthorization = hash;
-    return auth;
+    return Crypto._sha('sha256', auth.keyAuthorization).then(function (hash) {
+      auth.dnsAuthorization = hash;
+      return auth;
+    });
   });
 };
 
@@ -436,25 +451,13 @@ ACME._postChallenge = function (me, options, auth) {
    }
    */
   function deactivate() {
-    var jws = me.RSA.signJws(
-      options.accountKeypair
-    , undefined
-    , { nonce: me._nonce, alg: (me._alg || 'RS256'), url: auth.url, kid: me._kid }
-    , Buffer.from(JSON.stringify({ "status": "deactivated" }))
-    );
-    me._nonce = null;
-    return me._request({
-      method: 'POST'
+    if (me.debug) { console.debug('[acme-v2.js] deactivate:'); }
+    return ACME._jwsRequest({
+      options: options
     , url: auth.url
-    , headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/jose+json' }
-    , json: jws
+    , protected: { kid: options._kid }
+    , payload: Enc.strToBuf(JSON.stringify({ "status": "deactivated" }))
     }).then(function (resp) {
-      if (me.debug) { console.debug('[acme-v2.js] deactivate:'); }
-      if (me.debug) { console.debug(resp.headers); }
-      if (me.debug) { console.debug(resp.body); }
-      if (me.debug) { console.debug(); }
-
-      me._nonce = resp.toJSON().headers['replay-nonce'];
       if (me.debug) { console.debug('deactivate challenge: resp.body:'); }
       if (me.debug) { console.debug(resp.body); }
       return ACME._wait(DEAUTH_INTERVAL);
@@ -472,7 +475,7 @@ ACME._postChallenge = function (me, options, auth) {
 
     if (me.debug) { console.debug('\n[DEBUG] statusChallenge\n'); }
     // TODO POST-as-GET
-    return me._request({ method: 'GET', url: auth.url, json: true }).then(function (resp) {
+    return me.request({ method: 'GET', url: auth.url, json: true }).then(function (resp) {
       if ('processing' === resp.body.status) {
         if (me.debug) { console.debug('poll: again'); }
         return ACME._wait(RETRY_INTERVAL).then(pollStatus);
@@ -523,25 +526,13 @@ ACME._postChallenge = function (me, options, auth) {
   }
 
   function respondToChallenge() {
-    var jws = me.RSA.signJws(
-      options.accountKeypair
-    , undefined
-    , { nonce: me._nonce, alg: (me._alg || 'RS256'), url: auth.url, kid: me._kid }
-    , Buffer.from(JSON.stringify({ }))
-    );
-    me._nonce = null;
-    return me._request({
-      method: 'POST'
+    if (me.debug) { console.debug('[acme-v2.js] responding to accept challenge:'); }
+    return ACME._jwsRequest({
+      options: options
     , url: auth.url
-    , headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/jose+json' }
-    , json: jws
+    , protected: { kid: options._kid }
+    , payload: Enc.strToBuf(JSON.stringify({}))
     }).then(function (resp) {
-      if (me.debug) { console.debug('[acme-v2.js] challenge accepted!'); }
-      if (me.debug) { console.debug(resp.headers); }
-      if (me.debug) { console.debug(resp.body); }
-      if (me.debug) { console.debug(); }
-
-      me._nonce = resp.toJSON().headers['replay-nonce'];
       if (me.debug) { console.debug('respond to challenge: resp.body:'); }
       if (me.debug) { console.debug(resp.body); }
       return ACME._wait(RETRY_INTERVAL).then(pollStatus);
@@ -586,36 +577,26 @@ ACME._setChallenge = function (me, options, auth) {
 };
 ACME._finalizeOrder = function (me, options, validatedDomains) {
   if (me.debug) { console.debug('finalizeOrder:'); }
-  var csr = me.RSA.generateCsrWeb64(options.domainKeypair, validatedDomains);
+  var csr = me.Keypairs.generateCsrWeb64(options.domainKeypair, validatedDomains);
   var body = { csr: csr };
   var payload = JSON.stringify(body);
 
   function pollCert() {
-    var jws = me.RSA.signJws(
-      options.accountKeypair
-    , undefined
-    , { nonce: me._nonce, alg: (me._alg || 'RS256'), url: me._finalize, kid: me._kid }
-    , Buffer.from(payload)
-    );
-
-    if (me.debug) { console.debug('finalize:', me._finalize); }
-    me._nonce = null;
-    return me._request({
-      method: 'POST'
-    , url: me._finalize
-    , headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/jose+json' }
-    , json: jws
+    if (me.debug) { console.debug('[acme-v2.js] pollCert:'); }
+    return ACME._jwsRequest({
+      options: options
+    , url: options._finalize
+    , protected: { kid: options._kid }
+    , payload: Enc.strToBuf(payload)
     }).then(function (resp) {
-      // https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-acme-acme-12#section-7.1.3
-      // Possible values are: "pending" => ("invalid" || "ready") => "processing" => "valid"
-      me._nonce = resp.toJSON().headers['replay-nonce'];
-
       if (me.debug) { console.debug('order finalized: resp.body:'); }
       if (me.debug) { console.debug(resp.body); }
 
+      // https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-acme-acme-12#section-7.1.3
+      // Possible values are: "pending" => ("invalid" || "ready") => "processing" => "valid"
       if ('valid' === resp.body.status) {
-        me._expires = resp.body.expires;
-        me._certificate = resp.body.certificate;
+        options._expires = resp.body.expires;
+        options._certificate = resp.body.certificate;
 
         return resp.body; // return order
       }
@@ -672,6 +653,11 @@ ACME._finalizeOrder = function (me, options, validatedDomains) {
 
   return pollCert();
 };
+// _kid
+// registerAccount
+// postChallenge
+// finalizeOrder
+// getCertificate
 ACME._getCertificate = function (me, options) {
   if (me.debug) { console.debug('[acme-v2] DEBUG get cert 1'); }
 
@@ -704,139 +690,126 @@ ACME._getCertificate = function (me, options) {
   }
 
   // It's just fine if there's no account, we'll go get the key id we need via the public key
-  if (!me._kid) {
-    if (options.accountKid || options.account && options.account.kid) {
-      me._kid = options.accountKid || options.account.kid;
-    } else {
-      //return Promise.reject(new Error("must include KeyID"));
-      // This is an idempotent request. It'll return the same account for the same public key.
-      return ACME._registerAccount(me, options).then(function () {
-        // start back from the top
-        return ACME._getCertificate(me, options);
-      });
-    }
+  if (options.accountKid || options.account && options.account.kid) {
+    options._kid = options.accountKid || options.account.kid;
+  } else {
+    //return Promise.reject(new Error("must include KeyID"));
+    // This is an idempotent request. It'll return the same account for the same public key.
+    return ACME._registerAccount(me, options).then(function () {
+      // start back from the top
+      return ACME._getCertificate(me, options);
+    });
   }
 
   // Do a little dry-run / self-test
   return ACME._testChallenges(me, options).then(function () {
     if (me.debug) { console.debug('[acme-v2] certificates.create'); }
-    return ACME._getNonce(me).then(function () {
-      var body = {
-        // raw wildcard syntax MUST be used here
-        identifiers: options.domains.sort(function (a, b) {
-          // the first in the list will be the subject of the certificate, I believe (and hope)
-          if (!options.subject) { return 0; }
-          if (options.subject === a) { return -1; }
-          if (options.subject === b) { return 1; }
-          return 0;
-        }).map(function (hostname) {
-          return { type: "dns", value: hostname };
-        })
-        //, "notBefore": "2016-01-01T00:00:00Z"
-        //, "notAfter": "2016-01-08T00:00:00Z"
-      };
+    var body = {
+      // raw wildcard syntax MUST be used here
+      identifiers: options.domains.sort(function (a, b) {
+        // the first in the list will be the subject of the certificate, I believe (and hope)
+        if (!options.subject) { return 0; }
+        if (options.subject === a) { return -1; }
+        if (options.subject === b) { return 1; }
+        return 0;
+      }).map(function (hostname) {
+        return { type: "dns", value: hostname };
+      })
+      //, "notBefore": "2016-01-01T00:00:00Z"
+      //, "notAfter": "2016-01-08T00:00:00Z"
+    };
 
-      var payload = JSON.stringify(body);
-      // determine the signing algorithm to use in protected header // TODO isn't that handled by the signer?
-      me._kty = (options.accountKeypair.privateKeyJwk && options.accountKeypair.privateKeyJwk.kty || 'RSA');
-      me._alg = ('EC' === me._kty) ? 'ES256' : 'RS256'; // TODO vary with bitwidth of key (if not handled)
-      var jws = me.RSA.signJws(
-        options.accountKeypair
-      , undefined
-      , { nonce: me._nonce, alg: me._alg, url: me._directoryUrls.newOrder, kid: me._kid }
-      , Buffer.from(payload, 'utf8')
-      );
+    var payload = JSON.stringify(body);
+    // determine the signing algorithm to use in protected header // TODO isn't that handled by the signer?
+    options._kty = (options.accountKeypair.privateKeyJwk && options.accountKeypair.privateKeyJwk.kty || 'RSA');
+    options._alg = ('EC' === options._kty) ? 'ES256' : 'RS256'; // TODO vary with bitwidth of key (if not handled)
+    if (me.debug) { console.debug('\n[DEBUG] newOrder\n'); }
+    return ACME._jwsRequest({
+      options: options
+    , url: me._directoryUrls.newOrder
+    , protected: { kid: options._kid }
+    , payload: Enc.strToBuf(payload)
+    }).then(function (resp) {
+      var location = resp.headers.location;
+      var setAuths;
+      var auths = [];
+      if (me.debug) { console.debug('[ordered]', location); } // the account id url
+      if (me.debug) { console.debug(resp); }
+      options._authorizations = resp.body.authorizations;
+      options._order = location;
+      options._finalize = resp.body.finalize;
+      //if (me.debug) console.debug('[DEBUG] finalize:', options._finalize); return;
 
-      if (me.debug) { console.debug('\n[DEBUG] newOrder\n'); }
-      me._nonce = null;
-      return me._request({
-        method: 'POST'
-      , url: me._directoryUrls.newOrder
-      , headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/jose+json' }
-      , json: jws
-      }).then(function (resp) {
-        me._nonce = resp.toJSON().headers['replay-nonce'];
-        var location = resp.toJSON().headers.location;
-        var setAuths;
-        var auths = [];
-        if (me.debug) { console.debug(location); } // the account id url
-        if (me.debug) { console.debug(resp.toJSON()); }
-        me._authorizations = resp.body.authorizations;
-        me._order = location;
-        me._finalize = resp.body.finalize;
-        //if (me.debug) console.debug('[DEBUG] finalize:', me._finalize); return;
+      if (!options._authorizations) {
+        return Promise.reject(new Error(
+          "[acme-v2.js] authorizations were not fetched for '" + options.domains.join() + "':\n"
+          + JSON.stringify(resp.body)
+        ));
+      }
+      if (me.debug) { console.debug("[acme-v2] POST newOrder has authorizations"); }
+      setAuths = options._authorizations.slice(0);
 
-        if (!me._authorizations) {
-          return Promise.reject(new Error(
-            "[acme-v2.js] authorizations were not fetched for '" + options.domains.join() + "':\n"
-            + JSON.stringify(resp.body)
-          ));
-        }
-        if (me.debug) { console.debug("[acme-v2] POST newOrder has authorizations"); }
-        setAuths = me._authorizations.slice(0);
+      function setNext() {
+        var authUrl = setAuths.shift();
+        if (!authUrl) { return; }
 
-        function setNext() {
-          var authUrl = setAuths.shift();
-          if (!authUrl) { return; }
+        return ACME._getChallenges(me, options, authUrl).then(function (results) {
+          // var domain = options.domains[i]; // results.identifier.value
 
-          return ACME._getChallenges(me, options, authUrl).then(function (results) {
-            // var domain = options.domains[i]; // results.identifier.value
+          // If it's already valid, we're golden it regardless
+          if (results.challenges.some(function (ch) { return 'valid' === ch.status; })) {
+            return setNext();
+          }
 
-            // If it's already valid, we're golden it regardless
-            if (results.challenges.some(function (ch) { return 'valid' === ch.status; })) {
-              return setNext();
-            }
+          var challenge = ACME._chooseChallenge(options, results);
+          if (!challenge) {
+            // For example, wildcards require dns-01 and, if we don't have that, we have to bail
+            return Promise.reject(new Error(
+              "Server didn't offer any challenge we can handle for '" + options.domains.join() + "'."
+            ));
+          }
 
-            var challenge = ACME._chooseChallenge(options, results);
-            if (!challenge) {
-              // For example, wildcards require dns-01 and, if we don't have that, we have to bail
-              return Promise.reject(new Error(
-                "Server didn't offer any challenge we can handle for '" + options.domains.join() + "'."
-              ));
-            }
-
-            return ACME._challengeToAuth(me, options, results, challenge, false).then(function (auth) {
-              auths.push(auth);
-              return ACME._setChallenge(me, options, auth).then(setNext);
-            });
+          return ACME._challengeToAuth(me, options, results, challenge, false).then(function (auth) {
+            auths.push(auth);
+            return ACME._setChallenge(me, options, auth).then(setNext);
           });
-        }
+        });
+      }
 
-        function challengeNext() {
-          var auth = auths.shift();
-          if (!auth) { return; }
-          return ACME._postChallenge(me, options, auth).then(challengeNext);
-        }
+      function challengeNext() {
+        var auth = auths.shift();
+        if (!auth) { return; }
+        return ACME._postChallenge(me, options, auth).then(challengeNext);
+      }
 
-        // First we set every challenge
-        // Then we ask for each challenge to be checked
-        // Doing otherwise would potentially cause us to poison our own DNS cache with misses
-        return setNext().then(challengeNext).then(function () {
-          if (me.debug) { console.debug("[getCertificate] next.then"); }
-          var validatedDomains = body.identifiers.map(function (ident) {
-            return ident.value;
-          });
+      // First we set every challenge
+      // Then we ask for each challenge to be checked
+      // Doing otherwise would potentially cause us to poison our own DNS cache with misses
+      return setNext().then(challengeNext).then(function () {
+        if (me.debug) { console.debug("[getCertificate] next.then"); }
+        var validatedDomains = body.identifiers.map(function (ident) {
+          return ident.value;
+        });
 
-          return ACME._finalizeOrder(me, options, validatedDomains);
-        }).then(function (order) {
-          if (me.debug) { console.debug('acme-v2: order was finalized'); }
-          // TODO POST-as-GET
-          return me._request({ method: 'GET', url: me._certificate, json: true }).then(function (resp) {
-            if (me.debug) { console.debug('acme-v2: csr submitted and cert received:'); }
-            // https://github.com/certbot/certbot/issues/5721
-            var certsarr = ACME.splitPemChain(ACME.formatPemChain((resp.body||'')));
-            //  cert, chain, fullchain, privkey, /*TODO, subject, altnames, issuedAt, expiresAt */
-            var certs = {
-              expires: order.expires
-            , identifiers: order.identifiers
-            //, authorizations: order.authorizations
-            , cert: certsarr.shift()
-            //, privkey: privkeyPem
-            , chain: certsarr.join('\n')
-            };
-            if (me.debug) { console.debug(certs); }
-            return certs;
-          });
+        return ACME._finalizeOrder(me, options, validatedDomains);
+      }).then(function (order) {
+        if (me.debug) { console.debug('acme-v2: order was finalized'); }
+        // TODO POST-as-GET
+        return me.request({ method: 'GET', url: options._certificate, json: true }).then(function (resp) {
+          if (me.debug) { console.debug('acme-v2: csr submitted and cert received:'); }
+          // https://github.com/certbot/certbot/issues/5721
+          var certsarr = ACME.splitPemChain(ACME.formatPemChain((resp.body||'')));
+          //  cert, chain, fullchain, privkey, /*TODO, subject, altnames, issuedAt, expiresAt */
+          var certs = {
+            expires: order.expires
+          , identifiers: order.identifiers
+          //, authorizations: order.authorizations
+          , cert: certsarr.shift()
+          //, privkey: privkeyPem
+          , chain: certsarr.join('\n')
+          };
+          if (me.debug) { console.debug(certs); }
+          return certs;
         });
       });
     });
@@ -847,9 +820,10 @@ ACME.create = function create(me) {
   if (!me) { me = {}; }
   // me.debug = true;
   me.challengePrefixes = ACME.challengePrefixes;
-  me.RSA = me.RSA || require('rsa-compat').RSA;
+  me.Keypairs = me.Keypairs || me.RSA || require('rsa-compat').RSA;
+  me._nonces = [];
   //me.Keypairs = me.Keypairs || require('keypairs');
-  me.request = me.request || require('@coolaj86/urequest');
+  //me.request = me.request || require('@root/request');
   if (!me.dig) {
     me.dig = function (query) {
       // TODO use digd.js
@@ -860,37 +834,33 @@ ACME.create = function create(me) {
 
           resolve({
             answer: records.map(function (rr) {
-              return {
-                data: rr
-              };
+              return { data: rr };
             })
           });
         });
       });
     };
   }
-  me.promisify = me.promisify || require('util').promisify /*node v8+*/ || require('bluebird').promisify /*node v6*/;
 
-
-  if ('function' !== typeof me._request) {
-    // MUST have a User-Agent string (see node.js version)
-    me._request = function (opts) {
-      return window.fetch(opts.url, opts).then(function (resp) {
-        return resp.json().then(function (json) {
-          var headers = {};
-          Array.from(resp.headers.entries()).forEach(function (h) { headers[h[0]] = h[1]; });
-          return { headers: headers , body: json };
-        });
-      });
-    };
+  if ('function' !== typeof me.request) {
+    me.request = ACME._defaultRequest;
   }
 
-  me.init = function (_directoryUrl) {
-    me.directoryUrl = me.directoryUrl || _directoryUrl;
+  me.init = function (opts) {
+    function fin(dir) {
+      me._directoryUrls = dir;
+      me._tos = dir.meta.termsOfService;
+      return dir;
+    }
+    if (opts && opts.meta && opts.termsOfService) {
+      return Promise.resolve(fin(opts));
+    }
+    if (!me.directoryUrl) { me.directoryUrl = opts; }
+    if ('string' !== typeof me.directoryUrl) {
+      throw new Error("you must supply either the ACME directory url as a string or an object of the ACME urls");
+    }
     return ACME._directory(me).then(function (resp) {
-      me._directoryUrls = resp.body;
-      me._tos = me._directoryUrls.meta.termsOfService;
-      return me._directoryUrls;
+      return fin(resp.body);
     });
   };
   me.accounts = {
@@ -906,6 +876,84 @@ ACME.create = function create(me) {
   return me;
 };
 
+// Handle nonce, signing, and request altogether
+ACME._jwsRequest = function (me, bigopts) {
+  return ACME._getNonce(me).then(function (nonce) {
+    bigopts.protected.nonce = nonce;
+    bigopts.protected.url = bigopts.url;
+    // protected.alg: added by Keypairs.signJws
+    return me.Keypairs.signJws(
+      { jwk: bigopts.options.accountKeypair.privateKeyJwk
+      , protected: bigopts.protected
+      , payload: bigopts.payload
+      }
+    ).then(function (jws) {
+      if (me.debug) { console.debug('[acme-v2] ' + bigopts.url + ':'); }
+      if (me.debug) { console.debug(jws); }
+      return ACME._request(me, { url: bigopts.url, json: jws });
+    });
+  });
+};
+// Handle some ACME-specific defaults
+ACME._request = function (me, opts) {
+  if (!opts.headers) { opts.headers = {}; }
+  if (opts.json && true !== opts.json) {
+    opts.headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/jose+json';
+    opts.body = JSON.stringify(opts.json);
+    if (!opts.method) { opts.method = 'POST'; }
+  }
+  return me.request(opts).then(function (resp) {
+    resp = resp.toJSON();
+    if (resp.headers['replay-nonce']) {
+      ACME._setNonce(me, resp.headers['replay-nonce']);
+    }
+    return resp;
+  });
+};
+// A very generic, swappable request lib
+ACME._defaultRequest = function (opts) {
+  // Note: normally we'd have to supply a User-Agent string, but not here in a browser
+  if (!opts.headers) { opts.headers = {}; }
+  if (opts.json) {
+    opts.headers.Accept = 'application/json';
+    if (true !== opts.json) { opts.body = JSON.stringify(opts.json); }
+  }
+  if (!opts.method) {
+    opts.method = 'GET';
+    if (opts.body) { opts.method = 'POST'; }
+  }
+  opts.cors = true;
+  return window.fetch(opts.url, opts).then(function (resp) {
+    var headers = {};
+    var result = { statusCode: resp.status, headers: headers, toJSON: function () { return this; } };
+    Array.from(resp.headers.entries()).forEach(function (h) { headers[h[0]] = h[1]; });
+    if (!headers['content-type']) {
+      return result;
+    }
+    if (/json/.test(headers['content-type'])) {
+      return resp.json().then(function (json) {
+        result.body = json;
+        return result;
+      });
+    }
+    return resp.text().then(function (txt) {
+      result.body = txt;
+      return result;
+    });
+  });
+};
+/*
+TODO
+Per-Order State Params
+      _kty
+      _alg
+      _finalize
+      _expires
+      _certificate
+      _order
+      _authorizations
+*/
+
 ACME._toWebsafeBase64 = function (b64) {
   return b64.replace(/\+/g, "-").replace(/\//g, "_").replace(/=/g,"");
 };
diff --git a/lib/ecdsa.js b/lib/ecdsa.js
index eff9794..62b052a 100644
--- a/lib/ecdsa.js
+++ b/lib/ecdsa.js
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ EC.generate = function (opts) {
       "jwk"
     , result.privateKey
     ).then(function (privJwk) {
+      privJwk.key_ops = undefined;
+      privJwk.ext = undefined;
       return {
         private: privJwk
       , public: EC.neuter({ jwk: privJwk })
diff --git a/lib/keypairs.js b/lib/keypairs.js
index 79566d9..9d6cf3d 100644
--- a/lib/keypairs.js
+++ b/lib/keypairs.js
@@ -33,12 +33,20 @@ Keypairs.generate = function (opts) {
   });
 };
 
+Keypairs.export = function (opts) {
+  return Eckles.export(opts).catch(function (err) {
+    return Rasha.export(opts).catch(function () {
+      return Promise.reject(err);
+    });
+  });
+};
+
 
 /**
  * Chopping off the private parts is now part of the public API.
  * I thought it sounded a little too crude at first, but it really is the best name in every possible way.
  */
-Keypairs.neuter = Keypairs._neuter = function (opts) {
+Keypairs.neuter = function (opts) {
   /** trying to find the best balance of an immutable copy with custom attributes */
   var jwk = {};
   Object.keys(opts.jwk).forEach(function (k) {
@@ -63,7 +71,7 @@ Keypairs.thumbprint = function (opts) {
 Keypairs.publish = function (opts) {
   if ('object' !== typeof opts.jwk || !opts.jwk.kty) { throw new Error("invalid jwk: " + JSON.stringify(opts.jwk)); }
 
-  /** returns a copy */ 
+  /** returns a copy */
   var jwk = Keypairs.neuter(opts);
 
   if (jwk.exp) {
@@ -128,11 +136,12 @@ Keypairs.signJws = function (opts) {
       if (!opts.jwk) {
         throw new Error("opts.jwk must exist and must declare 'typ'");
       }
-      return ('RSA' === opts.jwk.kty) ? "RS256" : "ES256";
+      if (opts.jwk.alg) { return opts.jwk.alg; }
+      var typ = ('RSA' === opts.jwk.kty) ? "RS" : "ES";
+      return typ + Keypairs._getBits(opts);
     }
 
-    function sign(pem) {
-      var header = opts.header;
+    function sign() {
       var protect = opts.protected;
       var payload = opts.payload;
 
@@ -143,8 +152,9 @@ Keypairs.signJws = function (opts) {
       if (false !== protect) {
         if (!protect) { protect = {}; }
         if (!protect.alg) { protect.alg = alg(); }
-        // There's a particular request where Let's Encrypt explicitly doesn't use a kid
-        if (!protect.kid && false !== protect.kid) { protect.kid = thumb; }
+        // There's a particular request where ACME / Let's Encrypt explicitly doesn't use a kid
+        if (false === protect.kid) { protect.kid = undefined; }
+        else if (!protect.kid) { protect.kid = thumb; }
         protectedHeader = JSON.stringify(protect);
       }
 
@@ -155,7 +165,7 @@ Keypairs.signJws = function (opts) {
       // Trying to detect if it's a plain object (not Buffer, ArrayBuffer, Array, Uint8Array, etc)
       if (payload && ('string' !== typeof payload)
         && ('undefined' === typeof payload.byteLength)
-        && ('undefined' === typeof payload.byteLength)
+        && ('undefined' === typeof payload.buffer)
       ) {
         payload = JSON.stringify(payload);
       }
@@ -165,76 +175,147 @@ Keypairs.signJws = function (opts) {
       }
 
       // node specifies RSA-SHAxxx even when it's actually ecdsa (it's all encoded x509 shasums anyway)
-      var nodeAlg = "SHA" + (((protect||header).alg||'').replace(/^[^\d]+/, '')||'256');
       var protected64 = Enc.strToUrlBase64(protectedHeader);
       var payload64 = Enc.bufToUrlBase64(payload);
-      var binsig = require('crypto')
-        .createSign(nodeAlg)
-        .update(protect ? (protected64 + "." + payload64) : payload64)
-        .sign(pem)
-      ;
-      if ('EC' === opts.jwk.kty) {
-        // ECDSA JWT signatures differ from "normal" ECDSA signatures
-        // https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7518#section-3.4
-        binsig = convertIfEcdsa(binsig);
-      }
+      var msg = protected64 + '.' + payload64;
 
-      var sig = binsig.toString('base64')
-        .replace(/\+/g, '-')
-        .replace(/\//g, '_')
-        .replace(/=/g, '')
-      ;
+      return Keypairs._sign(opts, msg).then(function (buf) {
+        /*
+         * This will come back into play for CSRs, but not for JOSE
+        if ('EC' === opts.jwk.kty) {
+          // ECDSA JWT signatures differ from "normal" ECDSA signatures
+          // https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7518#section-3.4
+          binsig = convertIfEcdsa(binsig);
+        }
+        */
+        var signedMsg = {
+          protected: protected64
+        , payload: payload64
+        , signature: Enc.bufToUrlBase64(buf)
+        };
 
-      return {
-        header: header
-      , protected: protected64 || undefined
-      , payload: payload64
-      , signature: sig
-      };
+        console.log('Signed Base64 Msg:');
+        console.log(JSON.stringify(signedMsg, null, 2));
+
+        console.log('msg:', msg);
+        return signedMsg;
+      });
     }
 
-    function convertIfEcdsa(binsig) {
-      // should have asn1 sequence header of 0x30
-      if (0x30 !== binsig[0]) { throw new Error("Impossible EC SHA head marker"); }
-      var index = 2; // first ecdsa "R" header byte
-      var len = binsig[1];
-      var lenlen = 0;
-      // Seek length of length if length is greater than 127 (i.e. two 512-bit / 64-byte R and S values)
-      if (0x80 & len) {
-        lenlen = len - 0x80; // should be exactly 1
-        len = binsig[2]; // should be <= 130 (two 64-bit SHA-512s, plus padding)
-        index += lenlen;
-      }
-      // should be of BigInt type
-      if (0x02 !== binsig[index]) { throw new Error("Impossible EC SHA R marker"); }
-      index += 1;
-
-      var rlen = binsig[index];
-      var bits = 32;
-      if (rlen > 49) {
-        bits = 64;
-      } else if (rlen > 33) {
-        bits = 48;
-      }
-      var r = binsig.slice(index + 1, index + 1 + rlen).toString('hex');
-      var slen = binsig[index + 1 + rlen + 1]; // skip header and read length
-      var s = binsig.slice(index + 1 + rlen + 1 + 1).toString('hex');
-      if (2 *slen !== s.length) { throw new Error("Impossible EC SHA S length"); }
-      // There may be one byte of padding on either
-      while (r.length < 2*bits) { r = '00' + r; }
-      while (s.length < 2*bits) { s = '00' + s; }
-      if (2*(bits+1) === r.length) { r = r.slice(2); }
-      if (2*(bits+1) === s.length) { s = s.slice(2); }
-      return Enc.hexToBuf(r + s);
-    }
-
-    if (opts.pem && opts.jwk) {
-      return sign(opts.pem);
+    if (opts.jwk) {
+      return sign();
     } else {
-      return Keypairs.export({ jwk: opts.jwk }).then(sign);
+      return Keypairs.import({ pem: opts.pem }).then(function (pair) {
+        opts.jwk = pair.private;
+        return sign();
+      });
     }
   });
 };
+Keypairs._convertIfEcdsa = function (binsig) {
+  // should have asn1 sequence header of 0x30
+  if (0x30 !== binsig[0]) { throw new Error("Impossible EC SHA head marker"); }
+  var index = 2; // first ecdsa "R" header byte
+  var len = binsig[1];
+  var lenlen = 0;
+  // Seek length of length if length is greater than 127 (i.e. two 512-bit / 64-byte R and S values)
+  if (0x80 & len) {
+    lenlen = len - 0x80; // should be exactly 1
+    len = binsig[2]; // should be <= 130 (two 64-bit SHA-512s, plus padding)
+    index += lenlen;
+  }
+  // should be of BigInt type
+  if (0x02 !== binsig[index]) { throw new Error("Impossible EC SHA R marker"); }
+  index += 1;
+
+  var rlen = binsig[index];
+  var bits = 32;
+  if (rlen > 49) {
+    bits = 64;
+  } else if (rlen > 33) {
+    bits = 48;
+  }
+  var r = binsig.slice(index + 1, index + 1 + rlen).toString('hex');
+  var slen = binsig[index + 1 + rlen + 1]; // skip header and read length
+  var s = binsig.slice(index + 1 + rlen + 1 + 1).toString('hex');
+  if (2 *slen !== s.length) { throw new Error("Impossible EC SHA S length"); }
+  // There may be one byte of padding on either
+  while (r.length < 2*bits) { r = '00' + r; }
+  while (s.length < 2*bits) { s = '00' + s; }
+  if (2*(bits+1) === r.length) { r = r.slice(2); }
+  if (2*(bits+1) === s.length) { s = s.slice(2); }
+  return Enc.hexToBuf(r + s);
+};
+
+Keypairs._sign = function (opts, payload) {
+  return Keypairs._import(opts).then(function (privkey) {
+    if ('string' === typeof payload) {
+      payload = (new TextEncoder()).encode(payload);
+    }
+    return window.crypto.subtle.sign(
+      { name: Keypairs._getName(opts)
+      , hash: { name: 'SHA-' + Keypairs._getBits(opts) }
+      }
+    , privkey
+    , payload
+    ).then(function (signature) {
+      // convert buffer to urlsafe base64
+      //return Enc.bufToUrlBase64(new Uint8Array(signature));
+      return new Uint8Array(signature);
+    });
+  });
+};
+Keypairs._getBits = function (opts) {
+  if (opts.alg) { return opts.alg.replace(/[a-z\-]/ig, ''); }
+  // base64 len to byte len
+  var len = Math.floor((opts.jwk.n||'').length * 0.75);
+
+  // TODO this may be a bug
+  // need to confirm that the padding is no more or less than 1 byte
+  if (/521/.test(opts.jwk.crv) || len >= 511) {
+    return '512';
+  } else if (/384/.test(opts.jwk.crv) || len >= 383) {
+    return '384';
+  }
+
+  return '256';
+};
+Keypairs._getName = function (opts) {
+  if (/EC/i.test(opts.jwk.kty)) {
+    return 'ECDSA';
+  } else {
+    return 'RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5';
+  }
+};
+
+Keypairs._import = function (opts) {
+  return Promise.resolve().then(function () {
+    var ops;
+    // all private keys just happen to have a 'd'
+    if (opts.jwk.d) {
+      ops = [ 'sign' ];
+    } else {
+      ops = [ 'verify' ];
+    }
+    // gotta mark it as extractable, as if it matters
+    opts.jwk.ext = true;
+    opts.jwk.key_ops = ops;
+
+    console.log('jwk', opts.jwk);
+    return window.crypto.subtle.importKey(
+      "jwk"
+    , opts.jwk
+    , { name: Keypairs._getName(opts)
+      , namedCurve: opts.jwk.crv
+      , hash: { name: 'SHA-' + Keypairs._getBits(opts) } }
+    , true
+    , ops
+    ).then(function (privkey) {
+      delete opts.jwk.ext;
+      return privkey;
+    });
+  });
+};
 
 function setTime(time) {
   if ('number' === typeof time) { return time; }